Empire of Darkness: The Legacy of U.S. Intervention from Revolution to Empire by Karim Mohamed

Author:Karim, Mohamed
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: UNKNOWN
Published: 2024-01-30T00:00:00+00:00

Chapter 13: Invasion of Panama

In "Empire of Darkness," Chapter 13, "Invasion of Panama," thoroughly explores the U.S. military intervention in Panama in 1989, known as Operation Just Cause. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the events leading up to the invasion, the strategic objectives, the execution of the military operation, and its aftermath, both for Panama and the United States.

Background and Context:

The U.S. invasion of Panama stemmed from a complex set of factors, including the deteriorating relationship between the U.S. government and Panamanian leader General Manuel Noriega. Initially an ally of the U.S. and a CIA asset, Noriega's involvement in drug trafficking and his increasingly authoritarian rule led to a shift in U.S. policy. The situation escalated with the harassment of U.S. military personnel and civilians in Panama, the invalidation of the 1989 Panamanian national elections, and Noriega's declaration of a state of war with the United States.

Military Objectives and Execution:

The primary objectives of Operation Just Cause were to safeguard the lives of Americans in Panama, restore democratic governance, and capture Noriega to face drug trafficking charges in the U.S. Launched on December 20, 1989, the operation involved a swift and massive deployment of U.S. military forces. Key targets included Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) headquarters, critical infrastructure, and Noriega's command centers. Despite facing resistance from the PDF, U.S. forces quickly achieved control over key areas.

Human Cost and Impact on Panama:

The invasion had a significant human cost, with casualties on both the Panamanian and American sides. Civilian casualties and the displacement of residents, particularly in areas like El Chorrillo, where intense urban combat occurred, added to the humanitarian impact. The destruction of property and the disruption of daily life had long-term effects on Panamanian society.

Noriega's Capture and Political Aftermath:

A focal point of the invasion was the pursuit and eventual capture of Noriega, who surrendered to U.S. forces in January 1990. His capture marked a significant achievement for the U.S. government, though it also raised legal and ethical questions about the U.S. role in international justice and the sovereignty of other nations.

Following the invasion, the U.S. focused on helping to establish a civilian government and rebuild the Panamanian Defense Forces. The restoration of democratic governance was a key aspect of the post-invasion period, though it came with challenges and criticisms regarding the U.S.'s influence over Panama's political future.

Personal Narratives and Reflections:

The chapter includes firsthand accounts from U.S. service members, Panamanian civilians, and political figures, providing diverse perspectives on the invasion. These personal stories highlight the complexities of the operation, its impact on individuals, and the broader geopolitical and ethical implications.

Long-Term Effects on U.S. Foreign Policy:

The invasion of Panama had lasting effects on U.S. foreign policy, particularly in Latin America. It set a precedent for U.S. military interventions in the post-Cold War era and influenced subsequent debates on the use of force, international law, and America's role as a global police force.

In conclusion, Chapter 13 of "Empire of Darkness," "Invasion of Panama," offers a detailed and multifaceted exploration of one of the late 20th century's pivotal military interventions.

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